Numerous phrase epithets, especially those lacking connotation, are usually rendered into Ukrainian with participial clause or subordinate sentences, which leads to a certain loss of imagery, e.g.: the gosh-what-I’ll-give-them people – люди, яким важко підібрати подарунок. This can be interpreted as semantic narrowing of equivalents in translation.ģ.
Usually, the introductory words, or word combinations like наче, немов (кажучи), and other synonymous expressions are added, e.g.: In cases when a phrase epithet consists of a sentence (interrogative, exclamatory, or narrative), and there is a connotation of comparison, or else it is a quotation of somebody’s direct speech or possible thoughts, it could be rendered with the same structural pattern as in the SL, i.e., word-for-word, e.g.: He mumbled his usual “ Better-than-I-deserve” reply to my how-do-you-do greeting. Still, the general approaches for translation techniques are as follow:ġ. In each concrete case the choice of the translational variant depends on the concrete lexical meaning and stylistic function of the phrase epithet and on the meaning of the whole context. The translation of the phrase epithets presents considerable difficulty since in the majority of the cases it is impossible to find direct equivalents of such constructions in Ukrainian as they are not typical of the Ukrainian language. They also express features and properties which simply do not have a corresponding synonym with a simple lexical form. One of the main reasons for the usage of phrase epithet in the text is that they carry very rich semantic information. Jerome) or Ned explained this to me with his where-would-he-be-without-me? look.
Phrase epithets are always hyphenated and followed by a noun, e.g.: There is a sort of ‘ Oh-what-a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler’ expression about Montmorency that has been known to bring tears into the eyes of pious old ladies and gentlemen (Jerome K. In such a case the phrases and sentences lose their independence and graphically and syntactically become similar to a word. its attributive use ( He was that I’m-a-friend-of-the-boss type). A phrase and even a whole sentence may act as a single idea to modify a noun and thus become an epithet if the main formal requirement of the epithet is maintained, i.e.